1 unstable release
0.1.0 | May 4, 2024 |
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Used in 16 crates
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ctor-lite
The ctor
crate rewritten using procedural macros.
License
MIT/Apache2
lib.rs
:
The ctor
crate reimplemented using procedural macros.
In some cases it is necessary to run code at the very start or the very end of the program. This crate provides a macro that can be used to run code at the very beginning of program execution, along with some extra features.
Advantages over ctor
- Completely dependency free, thanks to relying on procedural macros instead of proc macros.
- Supports all of the same use cases as the
ctor
crate. - Supports all of the same platforms as the
ctor
crate. - Fixes a couple of warts in
ctor
's API, such as:unsafe
is required when it is used, see the "Safety" section below.- Global variables are required to be
Sync
. - Global variables use
MaybeUninit
instead ofOption
. - Functions set up with the
ctor
ordtor
macros cannot be called in other Rust code.
Disadvantages
- The API has a slightly different form factor that can be inconvenient in some cases.
- The MSRV has been raised to 1.36.0.
Functional Usage
The ctor
macro can be used to run a function at program startup time.
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
static INITIALIZED: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe fn set_value() {
INITIALIZED.store(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
}
}
assert_eq!(INITIALIZED.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
Note that this macro is a procedural block rather than an attribute macro.
If you prefer the old way of using the macro you can use the
macro-rules-attribute
crate.
use macro_rules_attribute::apply;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
static INITIALIZED: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
#[apply(ctor_lite::ctor!)]
unsafe fn set_value() {
INITIALIZED.store(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
}
assert_eq!(INITIALIZED.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
Static Usage
The ctor
macro can be used to create a static variable initialized to a
default value. At startup time, the function is used to initialize the
static variable.
fn value() -> i32 {
6
}
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe static VALUE: i32 = value();
}
assert_eq!(*VALUE, 6);
Destructor
This crate can also be used to run a function at program exit as well. The
dtor
macro can be used to run a function when the program ends.
use macro_rules_attribute::apply;
#[apply(ctor_lite::dtor!)]
unsafe fn run_at_exit() {
do_some_cleanup();
}
Safety
Macros from this crate must be used with care. In general Rust code is run
with the assumption that no other code is run before program startup, and
no other code is run after program shutdown. Specifically, libstd
sets up
some global variables before the main
function and then assumes these
variables are set throughout its runtime. Therefore, calling libstd
functions that use these variables will lead to undefined behavior.
Generally, functions from core
or alloc
are safe to call in these
functions. In addition, functions from libc
should be able to be called
freely, as well as most of the functions contained in rustix
. Other
crates should be used only when it is understood what other calls they
contain.
In addition, no ordering is guaranteed for functions ran in the ctor
or
dtor
macros.
Implementation
The ctor
macro works by creating a function with linker attributes that
place it into a special section in the file. When the C runtime starts the
program, it reads function pointers from this section and runs them.
This function call...
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe fn foo() { /* ... */ }
}
...is translated to code that looks like this:
#[used]
#[cfg_attr(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"), link_section = ".init_array")]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "freebsd", link_section = ".init_array")]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "netbsd", link_section = ".init_array")]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "openbsd", link_section = ".init_array")]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "illumos", link_section = ".init_array")]
#[cfg_attr(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "ios", target_os = "tvos"), link_section = "__DATA_CONST,__mod_init_func")]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "windows", link_section = ".CRT$XCU")]
static FOO: extern fn() = {
#[cfg_attr(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"), link_section = ".text.startup")]
extern fn foo() { /* ... */ };
foo
};
When creating a global constant with the ctor
macro it writes code that
runs the function then writes the value into a global constant.
This code...
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe static FOO: i32 = foo();
}
...is translated to code that looks like this, with modifications that allow
for FOO
to be used from safe code:
static mut FOO: i32 = core::mem::uninitialized();
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe fn init_storage() {
FOO = foo();
}
}
When functions are put into dtor
, it runs ctor
with the libc::atexit
function to ensure that the function is run at program exit.
This code...
ctor_lite::dtor! {
unsafe fn foo() {
/* ... */
}
}
...is translated to code that looks like this, with modifications that let
us avoid a dependency on the libc
crate:
unsafe fn foo() {
/* ... */
}
ctor_lite::ctor! {
unsafe fn run_dtor() {
libc::atexit(foo);
}
}