Apis

Reactive, session-oriented, asynchronous process-calculus framework

Documentation

This crate provides traits and a macro interface for defining sessions of reactive threads ("processes" in the sense of 'process calculus'), communicating messages over a fixed topology of channels. It also provides a macro for defining a "program" as a state transition system on session nodes, called "modes", in which thread-local state may be passed from processes of one mode to the next.

Current features

• Initialization-time validation of process and channel connectivity and consistency within a session
• Asynchronous sends and unbounded channels
• Three kinds of channels classified by connection topology:
  • 'Simplex' -- a one-way SPSC stream
  • 'Sink' -- a standard MPSC channel
  • 'Source' -- an SPMC unicast channel
• Four kinds of processes with varying receive and update behavior, roughly divided into two classes by receive mechanism:
  • "asynchronous" -- block-waiting receives for a single endpoint ('Asynchronous')
  • "synchronous" -- polling loops on any number of endpoints with various timing schemes ('Isochronous', 'Mesochronous', 'Anisochronous')
• Logging of events using the log logging API
• Graphviz DOT file output for session data flow diagrams and program state transition diagrams.

Current limitations

• Process and channel definitions are local to a particular session definition; they cannot be re-used. One way to partly mitigate this limitation is to create a context type that encapsulates the intended 'role' and re-use that in multiple processes.
• Passing state between sessions is implemented in a continuation-passing style and the Rust compiler cannot optimize away the tail recursion in this case; note this only occurs if state is explicitly transferred between sessions, otherwise unaffected threads will join back with the main thread and no tail recursion will take place.

Usage

The features of this library are implemented using two top-level macro definitions, def_session! and def_program!, to define sessions and programs, respectively.

Internally these macros make use of the enum_iterator::IntoEnumIterator derive macro which requires that enum-iterator is imported in Cargo.toml:

apis = "0.4"
enum-iterator = "0.7"

Sessions

The def_session! macro expands to datatype and function implementations defining processes, channels, and messages.

Example

Define a session 'IntSource' in which a source thread sends u64 values alternatively to two peers which sum the received values and return a final sum in the session result:

extern crate apis;

pub mod int_source {
  use apis;

  const MAX_UPDATES : u64 = 10;

  apis::def_session! {
    context IntSource {
      PROCESSES where
        let process    = self,
        let message_in = message_in
      [
        process IntGen (update_count : u64) {
          kind { apis::process::Kind::Isochronous { tick_ms: 20, ticks_per_update: 1 } }
          sourcepoints   [Ints]
          endpoints      []
          handle_message { unreachable!() }
          update         { process.int_gen_update() }
        }
        process Sum1 (sum : u64) -> (u64) {
          kind           { apis::process::Kind::asynchronous_default() }
          sourcepoints   []
          endpoints      [Ints]
          handle_message { process.sum1_handle_message (message_in) }
          update         { apis::process::ControlFlow::Continue }
        }
        process Sum2 (sum : u64) -> (u64) {
          kind           { apis::process::Kind::asynchronous_default() }
          sourcepoints   []
          endpoints      [Ints]
          handle_message { process.sum2_handle_message (message_in) }
          update         { apis::process::ControlFlow::Continue }
        }
      ]
      CHANNELS  [
        channel Ints <Intsmessage> (Source) {
          producers [IntGen]
          consumers [Sum1, Sum2]
        }
      ]
      MESSAGES [
        message Intsmessage {
          Anint (u64),
          Quit
        }
      ]
    }
  }

  impl IntGen {
    pub fn int_gen_update (&mut self) -> apis::process::ControlFlow {
      use apis::Process;
      let to_id = (self.update_count % 2 + 1) as apis::process::IdReprType;
      let anint = self.update_count;
      let mut result = self.send_to (
        ChannelId::Ints,
        ProcessId::try_from (to_id).unwrap(),
        Intsmessage::Anint (anint)
      ).into();
      self.update_count += 1;
      if result == apis::process::ControlFlow::Break || MAX_UPDATES < self.update_count {
        // quit
        let _ = self.send_to (ChannelId::Ints, ProcessId::Sum1, Intsmessage::Quit);
        let _ = self.send_to (ChannelId::Ints, ProcessId::Sum2, Intsmessage::Quit);
        result = apis::process::ControlFlow::Break
      }
      result
    }
  }
  impl Sum1 {
    fn sum1_handle_message (&mut self, message : GlobalMessage) -> apis::process::ControlFlow {
      match message {
        GlobalMessage::Intsmessage (Intsmessage::Anint (anint)) => {
          self.sum += anint;
          apis::process::ControlFlow::Continue
        }
        GlobalMessage::Intsmessage (Intsmessage::Quit) => {
          self.result = self.sum;
          apis::process::ControlFlow::Break
        }
      }
    }
  }
  impl Sum2 {
    fn sum2_handle_message (&mut self, message : GlobalMessage) -> apis::process::ControlFlow {
      match message {
        GlobalMessage::Intsmessage (Intsmessage::Anint (anint)) => {
          self.sum += anint;
          apis::process::ControlFlow::Continue
        }
        GlobalMessage::Intsmessage (Intsmessage::Quit) => {
          self.result = self.sum;
          apis::process::ControlFlow::Break
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fn main() {
  use int_source::*;
  use apis::session::Context;
  // verifies the validity of the session definition
  let session_def = IntSource::def().unwrap();
  // create the session in the 'Ready' state
  let mut session : apis::Session <IntSource> = session_def.into();
  // run the session and collect results
  let results = session.run();
  println!("results: {:?}", results);
}

Note that it is necessary to introduce variable identifiers (here process and message_in) in the session definition so that they can be referred to in handle_message and update blocks, or in optional initialize and terminate blocks (not shown). Here the identifier process will be made a mutable self reference to the local process in each block, and message_in will be made an alias for the received message in the scope of handle_message blocks only.

Generate a graphviz DOT file representing the session data flow diagram and write to file:

  let session_def = IntSource::def().unwrap();
  use std::io::Write;
  let mut f = std::fs::File::create ("intsource.dot").unwrap();
  f.write_all (session_def.dotfile().as_bytes()).unwrap();
  drop (f);

Rendered as PNG with $ dot -Tpng intsource.dot > intsource.png:

Note that sessions define a number of types in the scope where the macro is invoked. Putting each session in its own module allows them to be sequentially composed into "programs", described next.

Programs

Example

Define another session CharSink in module char_sink with different behavior and reversed message flow (implementation omitted, see ./examples/readme.rs):

A program can then be defined which runs both sessions sequentially:

apis::def_program! {
  program Myprogram where let result = session.run() {
    MODES [
      mode int_source::IntSource {
        use apis::Process;
        let sum1 = int_source::Sum1::extract_result (&mut result).unwrap();
        let sum2 = int_source::Sum2::extract_result (&mut result).unwrap();
        println!("combined sums: {}", sum1 + sum2);
        Some (EventId::ToCharSink)
      }
      mode char_sink::CharSink
    ]
    TRANSITIONS  [
      transition ToCharSink <int_source::IntSource> => <char_sink::CharSink>
    ]
    initial_mode: IntSource
  }
}

fn main() {
  use apis::Program;
  // create a program in the initial mode
  let mut myprogram = Myprogram::initial();
  // run to completion
  myprogram.run();
}

Note that it is necessary to introduce the result identifier here to access the result of a session.run() call within the (optional) 'transition choice block' associated to a mode, in this case 'IntSource'. Here the transition is always the same, however the contents of the session result can be used to nondeterministically choose any transition with a source matching the finished session. If no transition choice block is defined (as is the case with 'CharSink' above), or if a transition choice block evaluates to 'None', then the program will exit and not transition to any other session.

For examples of programs that transfer state from processes of one session to the next, see program.rs, interactive.rs, or graphical.rs in the ./examples/ directory.

A program is implemented as a state machine for which a DOT file can be generated showing the program state transition system:

  use std::io::Write;
  let mut f = std::fs::File::create ("myprogram.dot").unwrap();
  f.write_all (Myprogram::dotfile().as_bytes()).unwrap();
  drop (f);

Process control

Process run loop will end after either all endpoint channels have returned ControlFlow::Break from handle_message() or else if update() returns ControlFlow::Break. Note that after the last endpoint channel has closed a final update() will still be processed. When update() returns ControlFlow::Break, no further handle_message() calls will be made.

Examples

A number of example programs are given in ./examples/. Non-interactive examples can be run by the ./run-examples.sh script which will also builds images from generated DOT files. The graphical.rs and interactive.rs examples are interactive, requiring user input. These can be run with the ./run-interactive.sh script which will also produce images from the generated DOT files for these examples.

Most of these examples will intentionally generate warnings, see the doc comments of individual examples for specifics.

Running tests

Doctests of process and channel definitions need to be run with --features "test" to compile successfully:

$ cargo test --features "test"

(see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/45599).

Dependencies